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'Privacy-preserving analytics for the securitization market: a zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology application' By DCI Collaborator Sophie Meralli

Abstract

A zero-knowledge proof or protocol is a cryptographic technique for verifying private data without revealing it in its clear form. In this paper, we evaluate the potential for zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology to alleviate asymmetry of information in the asset-backed securitization market. To frame this inquiry, we conducted market data analyses, a review of prior literature, stakeholder interviews with investors, originators and security issuers and collaboration with blockchain engineers and researchers. We introduce a new system which could enable all market participants in the securitization lifecycle (e.g. investors, rating agencies, regulators and security issuers) to interact on a unique decentralized platform while maintaining the privacy of loan-level data, therefore providing the industry with timely analytics and performance data. Our platform is powered by zkLedger (Narula et al. 2018), a zero-knowledge protocol developed by the MIT Media Lab and the first system that enables participants of a distributed ledger to run publicly verifiable analytics on masked data

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'Redesigning digital money: What can we learn from a decade of cryptocurrencies?' by Robleh Ali and Neha Narula of the Digital Currency Initiative

Introduction

In a 2019 speech, Bank of England governor Mark Carney said that “Technology has the potential to disrupt the network externalities that prevent the incumbent global reserve currency from being displaced.” Certainly one of the most interesting places where technology is disrupting payments and finance is in cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies have emerged from open source development communities in large part because electronic transaction systems are too expensive and they have not evolved fast enough to keep pace with the demand for retail online digital payments and more sophisticated types of financial transactions. The wide variety of experimentation in cryptocurrencies is causing technologists and central bankers to rethink the interface to money and explore a digital form which can be held by users and companies directly. This could lead to a financial system with a simplified institutional structure, capable of serving the public at a much lower cost. Though there has been much discussion about the policy design for central bank-issued digital currency (CBDC), there are important technical points missing from the conversation: CBDC should not be a direct copy of existing cryptocurrencies with exactly the same design and features but there are things we can learn from their emergence - the usefulness of programmability in money and the importance of preserving user privacy.

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The New York Times quotes Neha Narula in 'Twitter and Facebook Want to Shift Power to Users. Or Do They?'
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The New York Times quotes Neha Narula in 'Twitter and Facebook Want to Shift Power to Users. Or Do They?'

A decentralized internet was hailed as a way to dethrone Twitter and Facebook. But to the tech giants, the idea could unload some of their burdens.

By Nathaniel PopperDec. 18, 2019. The New York Times.

SAN FRANCISCO — Not so long ago, the technology behind Bitcoin was seen in Silicon Valley as the best hope for challenging the enormous, centralized power of companies like Twitter and Facebook. 

Now, in an unexpected twist, the internet giants think that technology could help them solve their many problems.

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Coindesk Article: 'Even if a Thousand Projects Don’t Make It, Blockchain Is Still a Change Catalyst' by DCI Advisor Gary Gensler
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Coindesk Article: 'Even if a Thousand Projects Don’t Make It, Blockchain Is Still a Change Catalyst' by DCI Advisor Gary Gensler

This post is part of CoinDesk's 2019 Year in Review, a collection of 100 op-eds, interviews and takes on the state of blockchain and the world. Gary Gensler is a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, Co-Director of MIT’s Fintech@CSAIL and Senior Advisor to the MIT Media Lab Digital Currency Initiative. He was formerly Chairman of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Under Secretary of the Treasury, and a partner at Goldman Sachs.

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DCI's Neha, Rob and Gary engage in National Crisis Simulation 'Cryptocurrency and national insecurity'. Review by The Harvard Gazette
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DCI's Neha, Rob and Gary engage in National Crisis Simulation 'Cryptocurrency and national insecurity'. Review by The Harvard Gazette

The year is 2021, and the nation is in crisis. North Korea has just tested a missile that will soon be capable of delivering a nuclear warhead to the continental U.S. The move took Washington by surprise as the project was likely funded via a new Chinese digital currency, which allowed North Korea to bypass the global banking system. In response, the National Security Council House has gathered in the White House Situation Room to formulate short- and long-term responses.

“Digital Currency Wars: A National Security Crisis Simulation” unfolded before a packed audience in Kennedy School Forum on Tuesday night. Hosted by the Economic Diplomacy Initiative and co-sponsored by the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, the exercise brought together administration veterans, career diplomats, and academics to dramatize a very real prospect — the rise of an encrypted digital currency that would upend the U.S. dollar’s dominance and effectively render ineffective economic sanctions, like those currently applied to North Korea.

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CES Summit review by Bitcoin Magazine: 'Cryptoeconomic Systems Launched as Open-Source Journal and Conference’
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CES Summit review by Bitcoin Magazine: 'Cryptoeconomic Systems Launched as Open-Source Journal and Conference’

MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative (DCI) has announced the launch of Cryptoeconomic Systems (CES), the name of both a forthcoming conference in March 2020 and a new, open-access journal intended to bring a scholastic level of quality in research and reviews to the world of cryptocurrency, outside of the traditional publication channels.

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Take the free MIT Open Course taught by DCI's Neha Narula and Tadge Dryja "MAS.S62: Cryptocurrency Engineering and Design"
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Take the free MIT Open Course taught by DCI's Neha Narula and Tadge Dryja "MAS.S62: Cryptocurrency Engineering and Design"

Course Description

Bitcoin and other cryptographic currencies have gained attention over the years as the systems continue to evolve.  This course looks at the design of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies and how they function in practice, focusing on cryptography, game theory, and network architecture.  Future developments in smart contracts and privacy will be covered as well.  Programming assignments in the course will give practical experience interacting with these currencies, so some programming experience is required. Course taught by Tadge Dryja and Neha Narula.

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'Examining Facebook’s Proposed Cryptocurrency and Its Impact on Consumers, Investors, and the American Financial System' - Final Testimony by DCI's Gary Gensler
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'Examining Facebook’s Proposed Cryptocurrency and Its Impact on Consumers, Investors, and the American Financial System' - Final Testimony by DCI's Gary Gensler

DCI Senior Advisor Gary Gensler’s Final Testimony on ‘Examining Facebook’s Proposed Cryptocurrency and Its Impact on Consumers, Investors, and the American Financial System’. Presented during the ‘Financial Services Committee’ at the United States House of Representatives on July 17, 2019.

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Utreexo: A dynamic hash-based accumulator optimized for the Bitcoin UTXO set
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Utreexo: A dynamic hash-based accumulator optimized for the Bitcoin UTXO set

by Thaddeus Dryja (MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative)

AbstractIn the Bitcoin consensus network, all nodes come to agreement on the set of Unspent Transaction Outputs (The “UTXO” set). The size of this shared state is a scalability constraint for the network, as the size of the set expands as more users join the system, increasing resource requirements of all nodes. Decoupling the network’s state size from the storage requirements of individual machines would reduce hardware requirements of validating nodes. We introduce a hash based accumulator to locally represent the UTXO set, which is logarithmic in the size of the full set. Nodes attach and propagate inclusion proofs to the inputs of transactions, which along with the accumulator state, give all the information needed to validate a transaction. While the size of the inclusion proofs results in an increase in network traffic, these proofs can be discarded after verification, and aggregation methods can reduce their size to a manageable level of overhead. In our simulations of downloading Bitcoin’s blockchain up to early 2019 with 500MB of RAM allocated for caching, the proofs only add approximately 25% to the amount otherwise downloaded.

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DCI's Neha Narula Interviewed by Anderson Cooper on '60 Minutes' - 'Bitcoin's Wild Ride'
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DCI's Neha Narula Interviewed by Anderson Cooper on '60 Minutes' - 'Bitcoin's Wild Ride'

“Ten years ago, a mysterious computer programmer invented a new type of money that wasn't backed by any government or kept in any bank. There were no coins or bills, just long strings of letters and numbers stored inside a network of computers that anybody could be a part of by downloading some free software over the Internet. Today that computerized currency, bitcoin, is well-known, though little understood, and bitcoin's popularity has inspired the creation of thousands of other types of digital money, known as "cryptocurrency." Over the last decade, you could have made a five million percent profit by investing in cryptocurrency. Or you could have lost everything. It has been a wild ride, and few people have experienced the highs and lows…” Cooper. A (2019, May 19) Bitcoin’s Wild Ride.

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Podcast: DCI's Neha Narula interviewed by Hari Sreenivasan for CNN's Amanpour
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Podcast: DCI's Neha Narula interviewed by Hari Sreenivasan for CNN's Amanpour

“Republican Senator Mitt Romney and Democratic Senator Chris Murphy join Christiane Amanpour from Washington D.C. to discuss their bipartisan trip to the Middle East and the growing tensions between the U.S. and Iran. Bill Weld, the only Republican challenging President Trump in the 2020 election talks about why he decided to run. Our Hari Sreenivasan talks to Neha Narula, the Director of the Digital Currency Initiative at the MIT Media Lab, about the future of cryptocurrencies.” Amanpour Podcast

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